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Kituba | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Niger-Congo, Bantu (Creole) | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 13 million (as a lingua franca and second language) | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A simplified creole based on Kikongo, used as a lingua franca in Central Africa; features reduced noun class systems and simplified grammar for ease of communication. | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Democratic Republic of the Congo (official in some regions), Republic of the Congo, Angola | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No, tones are not as prominent compared to Kikongo | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses simplified grammar and word order | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Kikongo, with influences from other Bantu languages | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From French, Portuguese, and neighboring Bantu languages | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes regional variations influenced by local languages and French; standard forms exist for the DRC and Republic of the Congo | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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