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Limburgish | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Germanic | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 1.6 million | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A Low Franconian language with significant tonal distinctions, Limburgish has characteristics of both Dutch and German, influenced by its geographical and historical context. | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Netherlands (Limburg province), Belgium (Limburg province), and small parts of Germany | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | Yes, uses pitch accent to distinguish meanings | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, but retains remnants of the older case system in pronouns | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Old Low Franconian | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Dutch, French, and German | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes various regional dialects such as Maastrichtian, Hasseltian, and Kerkrade Limburgish, with significant phonological differences | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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