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Punjabi Shahmukhi | Tamazight Tifinagh | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Afro-Asiatic, Berber |
Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) | Approximately 25-30 million across North Africa |
Features | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. | A Berber language written in the Tifinagh script for cultural preservation; features a consonant-rich structure with vowel insertion for pronunciation |
Countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities | Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Mali, Niger, Tunisia, and Berber-speaking communities worldwide |
Writing System | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) | Tifinagh script (modern version standardized by IRCAM in Morocco) |
Tonal | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and postpositions | No, uses prepositions and word order |
Derived From | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology | Ancient Berber languages, influenced by Arabic and French |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Persian, and English | From Arabic, French, and Spanish |
Dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. | Includes Tarifit (Rif Berber), Tashelhit (Shilha), Kabyle, and Central Atlas Tamazight, with dialectal variations across regions |
Alphabets | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے | ⴰ, ⴱ, ⴳ, ⴷ, ⴹ, ⴻ, ⴼ, ⴽ, ⴾ, ⴿ, ⵀ, ⵃ, ⵄ, ⵅ, ⵇ, ⵉ, ⵊ, ⵍ, ⵎ, ⵏ, ⵓ, ⵔ, ⵕ, ⵖ, ⵙ, ⵚ, ⵛ, ⵜ, ⵟ, ⵡ, ⵢ, ⵣ, ⵥ |
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