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Tulu | Madurese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Dravidian | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 2-3 million | Approximately 13.5 million |
Features | A Dravidian language spoken mainly in the coastal region of Karnataka and parts of Kerala, known for its rich oral tradition, unique phonetics, and extensive verbal conjugations | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. |
Countries | India (primarily in Karnataka and Kerala) | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Kannada script; occasionally written in the Latin script | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) |
Tonal | No | No |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, with eight grammatical cases, including nominative, accusative, and dative | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships |
Derived From | Proto-Dravidian, with historical links to Old Kannada | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From Kannada, Sanskrit, and occasionally from English due to modern influence | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes various regional variations such as Common Tulu, Brahmin Tulu, and Jain Tulu, each with slight phonetic and lexical differences | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences |
Alphabets | ಅ, ಆ, ಇ, ಈ, ಉ, ಊ, ಎ, ಏ, ಐ, ಒ, ಓ, ಔ, ಕ, ಖ, ಗ, ಘ, ಙ, ಚ, ಛ, ಜ, ಝ, ಞ, ಟ, ಠ, ಡ, ಢ, ಣ, ತ, ಥ, ದ, ಧ, ನ, ಪ, ಫ, ಬ, ಭ, ಮ, ಯ, ರ, ಲ, ವ, ಶ, ಷ, ಸ, ಹ, ಳ, ಕ್ಷ, ಜ್ಞ | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z |
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